MUC1 (Mucin 1)

KRAS mutations are among the most common oncogenic drivers in human cancers, notably in pancreatic, colorectal, and lung cancers. The KRAS gene encodes a protein that functions as a molecular switch, regulating cell growth and division. Mutations, particularly at codon 12 (such as G12D), impair the protein’s GTPase activity, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation. KRAS…

Carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) is a tumor-associated glycoprotein frequently studied as a biomarker for cancer, particularly gastric and gynecological malignancies. Here’s a detailed overview based on current research: Overview and Diagnostic Role Prognostic and Monitoring Value Detection Technologies Age and Gender Effects Therapeutic Potential Conclusion CA72-4 is a valuable biomarker for monitoring and prognosis in…

CEA is a cell adhesion molecule normally produced during fetal development. In adults, it is usually undetectable in the blood, but it may be re-expressed and elevated in certain cancers, including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung cancers (Vrba et al., 1975). 🧪 Diagnostic Applications 📈 Prognostic Value 🧪 CEA in Non-Gastrointestinal Cancers 🧪 CEA…

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a widely used cancer biomarker, particularly for prostate cancer (PCa). While it has transformed prostate cancer screening and monitoring, it also has notable limitations. Here’s a detailed breakdown based on current research: 🔍 What is PSA? PSA is a serine protease produced mainly by the prostate gland. It is highly organ-specific…